Cutaneous leishmaniosis in naturally infected dogs in Paraná, Brazil, and the epidemiological implications of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis detection in internal organs and intact skin.

Environmental changes have occurred over the years, altering the eco-epidemiological pattern of leishmaniosis in the State of Paraná, Brazil, involving the pillars of the cycle (parasite, vectors, reservoir, and environment) and their interaction. Much has been discussed about the dog's role as a reservoir of the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Vianna, 1911 transmission cycle. However, this question remains unanswered. The purpose of this study was to investigate, using parasitological and molecular methods, different samples in eight naturally infected dogs from an endemic rural locality where only L. (V.) braziliensis is present, and where human cases have been previously notified. Blood and biopsied organ samples from naturally infected dogs were analyzed by culture media, PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA and sequencing methodologies. Only skin lesions from all dogs yielded positive cultures and when PCR was performed, L. (V.) braziliensis DNA was amplified from intact skin, peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes. RAPD was also applied to isolates from the skin lesions, exhibiting the genetic variability of the parasite identified. To confirm which species of Leishmania was amplified in PCR, the sequencing method was performed, verifying 100% similarity with the Viannia subgenus. This study showed that L. (V.) braziliensis can spread to other sites besides the ulcerous lesions, such as intact skin, peripheral blood and internal organs, making it possibility for dogs to serve as active sources of parasite transmission. For definitive proof, xenodiagnostic test on intact skin of infected dogs, should be done.

Factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil.

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1% of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9% with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3% with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1% with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

Factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil / Fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1 percent of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9 percent with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3 percent with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7 percent with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1 percent with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9 percent with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii e os fatores associados à infecção em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo I (320 gestantes, analisadas entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008) e grupo II (287 gestantes, analisadas de março a outubro de 2008). No grupo I, foram encontrados 53,1 por cento de gestantes IgG reagente e IgM não reagente, 1,9 por cento de IgG e IgM reagentes, 0,3 por cento de IgG não reagente e IgM reagente e 44,7 por cento de IgG e IgM não reagentes. No grupo II foram 55,1 por cento de IgG reagente e IgM não reagente e 44,9 por cento de IgG e IgM não reagentes. As variáveis associadas à infecção foram: residência em área rural, gestantes entre 35-40 anos de idade, baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, mais de uma gravidez, consumo de água não proveniente do sistema de abastecimento público de água e hábito de manipular terra ou areia. As orientações sobre medidas de prevenção primária e o acompanhamento sorológico trimestral das gestantes no grupo de risco são medidas importantes para prevenir a toxoplasmose congênita.

Surtos de toxoplasmose em seres humanos e animais / Outbreaks of toxooplasmosis in human beings and animal

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonoses de distribuição mundial e acomete animais de sangue quente das mais variadasespécies. Os surtos de toxoplasmose em seres humanos e animais freqüentemente não são relatados. Isto ocorre, possivelmente, em função desta infecção caracterizar-se por sintomas ausentes ou brandos tanto em humanos quanto em animais. Desta maneira, existem dificuldades na caracterização clínica desta patologia com confirmação laboratorial e posterior notificação. Esta revisão entafiza os surtos de toxoplasmose notificados em humanos e animais, suas fontes de infecção e vias de transmissão que variam de acordo com os hábitos locais e as condições sanitárias de cada região. Aborda ainda a caracterização genética de cepas de toxoplasma gondii e métodos de prevenção.

Toxoplasma gondii in fresh pork sausage and seroprevalence in butchers from factories in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil.

The aims of this study were to verify the presence of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in fresh pork sausage and the presence of antibodies against T. gondii in serum of workers from factories with Municipal Inspection Service, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. 149 samples of sausage were collected from eight factories and blood samples from 47 workers. We also took information about the practices that were adopted in the factories and the workers' habits that could influence the prevalence of toxoplasmosis. After bioassay in mice, 13 (8.7%) sausage samples were positive, in one of them T. gondii was isolated and in the other 12 the mice seroconverted. Of 47 workers, 36 (76.6%) worked in sausage production and 11 (23.4%) were involved in other functions; 59.5% (28/47), 55.5% (20/36) and 72.7% (8/11), respectively, had T. gondii antibodies. There were no significant differences in the variables of industries' practices and workers' habits related to T. gondii infection. We concluded that fresh pork sausage could be important in the transmission of toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondii in fresh pork sausage and seroprevalence in butchers from factories in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a presença de cistos de Toxoplasma gondii em lingüiça de origem suína tipo frescal e de anticorpos anti-T. gondii no soro de trabalhadores de indústrias produtoras, com Serviço de Inspeção Municipal (SIM) de Londrina, PR. Buscou-se ainda, obter informações relativas às práticas adotadas nestas indústrias e aos hábitos dos trabalhadores, que pudessem influenciar na prevalência desta parasitose. Foram coletadas 149 amostras de lingüiça em oito indústrias produtoras e 47 amostras de sangue de todos os trabalhadores destes locais. Após a realização do bioensaio em camundongos, obteve-se 13 (8,72%) amostras de lingüiça positivas, sendo que em uma o parasita foi isolado e nas outras 12 os camundongos soroconverteram. Dos 47 trabalhadores, 36 (76,6%) atuavam na produção de lingüiça e 11 (23,4%) exerciam outras funções; os percentuais de soropositivos ao T. gondii foram, respectivamente, 59,5% (28/47), 55,5% (20/36) e 72,7% (8/11). Não houve diferença significativa entre nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas às indústrias e aos trabalhadores. Os resultados permitem inferir que lingüiças tipo frescal possuem importância na cadeia epidemiológica da toxoplasmose no Município de Londrina-PR.